A novel electrochemical sensor based on Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode for ivabradine
Mona A Kamel1,2, Amr M Mahmoud3, Christine K Nessim2
1Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
Abstract:
A sustainable, fast, sensitive, and selective electrochemical determination of ivabradine (IVB) is vital for pharmaceutical assessment and clinical monitoring. IVB is a selective heart rate-reducing medication that plays an important role in improving symptoms and decreasing hospitalizations for patients with chronic heart failure, particularly when beta-blockers are not appropriate. Recent studies have explored improving electrode performance through nanomaterial-based modifications, such as metal oxides and carbon nanocomposites. Currently, there are no reports on using Al-doped ZnO (AZO) nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) for IVB analysis. The prepared nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized utilizing Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The electrochemical properties of IVB at AZO/CPE were examined via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2.0). Among the investigated bare and ZnO-based modified CPEs (Mn-, Ni-, and Al-doped), AZO/CPE demonstrated the highest anodic oxidation response toward IVB, confirming its enhanced electrocatalytic performance. The influence of scan rate on IVB electrochemical oxidation was examined with AZO/CPE cyclic voltammetry (CV). Under optimized experimental conditions, the peak current of IVB showed a linear relationship with its concentration from 5.0 × 10-8 M to 1.0 × 10⁻5 M, along with a low detection limit of 7.4 × 10-9 M. The proposed electrode exhibited high sensitivity and a rapid response and was effectively used to determine IVB levels in spiked human plasma. Two newly developed assessment tools were demonstrated to evaluate the sustainability, efficiency, and practicality of the proposed method: the Need, Quality, and Sustainability (NQS) Index and the Evaluation and Performance of Practicality Index (EPPI).
