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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

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Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering
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Enabling Personalized Dose Formulation by Evaporative Crystallization Process.

Nicole M Torres-Colón1, Lesly Carmona-Sarabia2,3, Aliou Mbodji2,4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, 00681, USA.

Pharmaceutical Research
|July 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel antisolvent crystallization method (M2) effectively produced crystalline warfarin sodium isopropanol (WS-IPA) in microcrystalline cellulose tablets. This strategy allows for non-destructive analysis and flexible production of individualized drug doses.

Keywords:
antisolvent crystallizationdrug impregnationpersonalized formulationsolid dosagesolid form control

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Warfarin sodium isopropanol (WS-IPA) has a narrow therapeutic index, necessitating precise individualized dosing.
  • Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) serves as a porous carrier for drug impregnation.
  • Developing robust methods for controlled drug formulation is crucial for patient safety and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a solution-based drug impregnation strategy for individualized formulation of WS-IPA.
  • To compare two distinct formulation approaches for WS-IPA within MCC tablets.
  • To assess the potential for non-destructive quantification of WS-IPA in individualized doses.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated two strategies: solvent evaporation (M1) and antisolvent crystallization (M2).
  • Utilized powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy for solid-state characterization.
  • Employed SEM-EDS for drug distribution visualization and Raman-based PLS regression for WS-IPA content determination.

Main Results:

  • M1 yielded amorphous WS-IPA, while M2 successfully produced crystalline WS-IPA within MCC tablets.
  • M2 tablets demonstrated dissolution profiles comparable to commercial warfarin formulations.
  • Validated Raman PLS model showed potential for non-destructive WS-IPA content estimation with low prediction error (RMSEP = 0.35 mg).

Conclusions:

  • The antisolvent crystallization strategy (M2) provides crystallization control for WS-IPA.
  • Raman-based process analytical technology enables non-destructive analysis of WS-IPA tablets.
  • This approach facilitates flexible production of individualized solid dosage forms.