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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.LipidsThe most...
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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

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At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals
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Electrically Tunable Heliconical Smectic Superstructure in Polar Fluids.

Hiroya Nishikawa1, Dennis Kwaria1, Atsuko Nihonyanagi1

  • 1RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new liquid crystal phase, SmCpH, enabling stable orientation and tunable light properties with low electric fields. This breakthrough offers a robust platform for advanced photonic devices.

Keywords:
SHGheliconicalhelielectricpolar fluidreflective color

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Liquid Crystals
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ferroelectric nematic (NF) and related polar liquid-crystalline phases represent a novel class of soft matter.
  • Existing heliconical ferroelectric phases like NTBF and SmCpH have underexplored electro-optic functionalities in smectic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a newly designed single-component achiral molecule exhibiting a hierarchical polar phase sequence.
  • To investigate the electro-optic properties and potential photonic applications of the SmCpH phase.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of a novel single-component achiral molecule.
  • Observation and analysis of the SmCpH phase's unique properties, including macroscopic orientation and pitch modulation.
  • Evaluation of electro-optic response and second-harmonic generation.

Main Results:

  • A hierarchical polar phase sequence (SmAF-NTBF-HEC-SmCpH) was achieved.
  • The SmCpH phase demonstrated stable macroscopic orientation without alignment layers.
  • Continuous, reversible pitch modulation was observed over a wide spectral range at ultralow electric fields (approx. one-third of conventional heliconical nematics).
  • The system exhibited distinct electro-optic properties in the sub-kilohertz range.
  • Enhanced second-harmonic generation was facilitated by the polar heliconical smectic structure.

Conclusions:

  • The newly discovered SmCpH phase offers a simple and robust platform for low-voltage photonic applications.
  • Its unique properties, including low-field tunability and enhanced nonlinear optical effects, distinguish it from conventional liquid crystal phases.