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Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

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Bioinspired Ionic Biogels for Conformal On-Skin Wearable Bioelectronics.

Xiaoliang Zou¹, Mengmeng Gou¹, Xiaodong Zhang¹

¹College of Chemistry and Materials, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714099, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|July 10, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a novel thermoresponsive ionic biogel inspired by sea cucumbers. This adaptable gel forms in situ on skin, improving adhesion and signal transmission for wearable bioelectronics.

Keywords:

flexible bioelectronics gelatin in situ gelation ionic biogel ionic liquid skin-conformal biointerface

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering
Polymer Chemistry

Background:

Conductive gels are crucial for on-skin wearable bioelectronics due to their flexibility and conductivity.
Conventional gels struggle with skin's complex, dynamic surface, hindering adhesion and signal quality.

Purpose of the Study:

To create an in situ formable conductive gel with enhanced skin adhesion and signal performance.
To mimic sea cucumber's reversible mechanical switching for adaptive bioelectronic interfaces.

Main Methods:

Developed a thermoresponsive ionic biogel (IBG) using gelatin, water, and an ionic liquid.
Utilized gelatin's reversible sol-gel transition and ionic liquid for conductivity and network modulation.
Investigated IBG's mechanical, adhesive, and electrical properties, including strain sensing and signal acquisition.

Main Results:

The IBG can be coated in a flowable state and gels in situ on the skin.
Optimized IBG43 demonstrated low modulus, high stretchability, and strong skin adhesion.
Achieved stable strain sensing, reliable electrophysiological signal acquisition, and potential for self-powered sensing.

Conclusions:

The developed IBG offers a simple and effective strategy for skin-interfaced bioelectronic materials.
In situ gelation provides a soft, adaptive, and ion-conductive interface superior to preformed gels.
This material advances wearable bioelectronics through improved adhesion and signal integrity.