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Related Concept Videos

Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
Microbial Interactions: Parasitism01:22

Microbial Interactions: Parasitism

Parasitism is a form of microbial interaction in which parasitic microbes exploit a host organism for nutrients and shelter, often at the host's expense. Unlike mutualistic relationships, where both organisms benefit, parasitism benefits only the parasite and harms the host.Classification of ParasitesMicrobial parasites are broadly classified based on their location relative to the host.Ectoparasites remain on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, drawing nutrients...
Microbial Interactions: Cooperation01:26

Microbial Interactions: Cooperation

Microbial cooperation involves beneficial interactions in which different species work together for individual or mutual advantage. These interactions can profoundly influence ecological dynamics and evolutionary processes, and they are essential to many pathogenic and symbiotic relationships.Nematode–Bacteria CooperationA striking example is the relationship between the Gram-negative bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Juvenile nematodes...
Microbial Interactions: Mutualism01:25

Microbial Interactions: Mutualism

Mutualism is a symbiotic interaction in which all participating organisms benefit. These relationships can be obligate or facultative and are fundamental to ecosystem functions across diverse biological systems.Plant–Fungi MutualismOne well-known example is the association between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizophagus species. The fungal hyphae penetrate the root hairs and the epidermis, forming an extensive hyphal network that establishes a symbiotic association. Through this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

High-Throughput Transcriptome Analysis for Investigating Host-Pathogen Interactions
14:58

High-Throughput Transcriptome Analysis for Investigating Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: March 5, 2022

Simultaneous Transcriptomic Analysis of Both Host and Symbiont in Insect-Fungus Interactions.

McKeon Laws1, Ellie S Burns1, Matt T Kason1

  • 1School of Natural Resources and the Environment, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.

Bio-Protocol
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a standardized RNA sequencing protocol for insect-fungus interactions, enabling the analysis of both host and microbial transcriptomes. This method is crucial for understanding symbiotic relationships in non-model organisms.

Keywords:
Ambrosia SymbiosisAmbrosia beetleCicadaEuwallaceaFusariumMassosporaNextflowRNA ExtractionRNA Seq

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Gene Expression Profiling of Infecting Microbes Using a Digital Bar-coding Platform

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

High-Throughput Transcriptome Analysis for Investigating Host-Pathogen Interactions
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Published on: March 5, 2022

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Gene Expression Profiling of Infecting Microbes Using a Digital Bar-coding Platform
09:13

Gene Expression Profiling of Infecting Microbes Using a Digital Bar-coding Platform

Published on: January 13, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Entomology
  • Symbiotic Interactions
  • Next-Generation Sequencing

Background:

  • Molecular entomology increasingly uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) but lacks standardized protocols for insect-fungus consortia.
  • Existing RNA sequencing methods often fail to address the complexities of insect-fungus systems, differing from insect-bacteria interactions.
  • Non-model insect-fungus systems, such as ambrosia beetle mutualism and cicada Massospora parasitism, require tailored molecular approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a comprehensive RNA sequencing protocol for analyzing insect-fungus consortia.
  • To establish standardized methods for RNA extraction, sequencing, and data processing in non-model systems.
  • To enable the study of a range of symbiotic interactions, from mutualistic to parasitic.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed TRIzol RNA extraction and quantification from samples containing both insect and fungal tissues.
  • Implementation of a novel dissection technique for insect pupae.
  • RNA sequencing and data processing utilizing the Nextflow pipeline software.
  • Acquisition of transcriptomes for both host and symbiont within a single protocol.

Main Results:

  • Successful application of the protocol to diverse insect-fungus consortia, including ambrosia beetles and Massospora-infected cicadas.
  • Generation of high-quality transcriptomic data from both insect and fungal partners.
  • Demonstration of the protocol's versatility across different life stages and symbiotic interaction types.

Conclusions:

  • The developed RNA sequencing protocol provides a standardized and comprehensive approach for studying insect-fungus interactions.
  • This method facilitates the investigation of gene expression in both partners, advancing our understanding of symbiotic relationships.
  • The protocol is validated for its utility in diverse symbiotic contexts, including mutualism and parasitism, in non-model organisms.