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Related Concept Videos

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I01:13

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I

Compendial dissolution methods are standardized procedures defined by pharmacopeias to evaluate the rate at which a drug dissolves in a specific medium. These methods ensure batch-to-batch consistency, enable quality control, and support the prediction of drug bioavailability. They are critical for both immediate and modified-release drug products.The apparatuses used for dissolution testing differ in their design and mechanical function, but all aim to simulate the physiological environment of...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients, maintaining...
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions01:29

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
Potentiometric Titration: Overview01:31

Potentiometric Titration: Overview

Potentiometric titration is a quantitative analytical technique that determines the concentration of an analyte by measuring the potential difference between the two electrodes in the solution. The endpoint of a potentiometric titration is the point at which there is a significant change in the potential difference. It occurs when the stoichiometric reaction between the analyte and the titrant is complete. The endpoint is usually determined graphically by plotting the measured potential...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
09:50

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Published on: June 28, 2017

A high throughput platform for measuring and predicting vitrification behavior in multicomponent aqueous solutions.

Nima Ahmadkhani, Cameron Sugden, Euihyun Lee

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |July 10, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a high-throughput platform for rapidly determining cryoprotective agent (CPA) concentrations for vitrification (Cv). The new method significantly accelerates CPA formulation discovery, enabling faster development of improved cryopreservation solutions.

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    Published on: October 17, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Biotechnology
    • Biophysics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Cryopreservation relies on cryoprotective agents (CPAs) to prevent ice formation.
    • Limited data exists on the optimal CPA concentration for vitrification (Cv).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a high-throughput platform for rapid determination of Cv across numerous CPA formulations.
    • To establish a framework for rational design of effective and less toxic CPA formulations.

    Main Methods:

    • A 384-well platform integrating automated liquid handling and a binary-search strategy was employed.
    • High-throughput screening of approximately 200 CPA compositions was performed.
    • A predictive mixture model was developed to estimate Cv for various CPA formulations.

    Main Results:

    • The platform increased throughput by approximately 50-fold, reducing measurement time from a year to a week.
    • Environmental conditions, such as sealed plates, were found to promote vitrification.
    • Cv decreased with increasing CPA molecular weight, and a predictive model achieved R² ≥ 0.93 for CPA mixtures.
    • The model facilitated the identification of CPA formulations with low toxicity near their vitrification threshold.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed high-throughput platform significantly accelerates the determination of CPA concentrations for vitrification.
    • Environmental factors and CPA molecular weight influence vitrification behavior.
    • A predictive model aids in the rational design of cryoprotective agent formulations for improved cryopreservation.