Methodological Considerations in Meta-Analyses Examining Irregular Dietary Patterns and Esophageal Cancer Risk

Irregular dietary patterns have been linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer in observational meta-analyses. However, methodological limitations may influence the strength and interpretation of these associations. This editorial highlights key concerns, including substantial between-study heterogeneity, inconsistent definitions of dietary irregularity, limited power to assess publication bias, and residual confounding inherent to observational research. Variability in esophageal cancer subtypes and cultural dietary practices further complicates pooled risk estimation. While existing evidence underscores the potential relevance of meal regularity in cancer prevention, cautious interpretation is warranted. Future studies using standardized exposure definitions and subtype-specific analyses are needed to improve the reliability of meta-analytic findings.