The application of CRISPR gene-editing technology in influenza prevention and control

Influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza B virus (IBV) remain major global public health threats because of their rapid antigenic evolution and efficient human-to-human transmission. In contrast, influenza C virus (ICV) and influenza D virus (IDV) generally exhibit narrower host ranges and milder pathogenicity, yet their potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic spillover still warrants attention. Conventional prevention strategies, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, suffer from prolonged development timelines and diminished efficacy against rapidly evolving viral strains. However, antiviral drugs are increasingly limited by the rapid emergence of drug-resistant variants. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) gene-editing technology has emerged as a promising platform for influenza prevention and control owing to its programmability and precise targeting capability. In this paper, we summarize recent advances in CRISPR-based strategies for influenza prevention and control. The RNA-targeting CRISPR-associated protein 13 (Cas13) system can recognize conserved viral RNA sequences and suppress replication across influenza subtypes, whereas the DNA-targeting CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system can edit host susceptibility genes and thereby reduce cellular permissiveness to infection. In addition, lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based delivery systems have become important tools for improving the in vivo delivery and expression of CRISPR components by enhancing targeting efficiency and reducing immunogenicity. CRISPR-based diagnostics, such as Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing (SHERLOCK), further expand the clinical utility of this technology by enabling rapid and sensitive detection of influenza viruses. Despite these advances, substantial challenges remain, including delivery inefficiency, off-target activity, long-term safety concerns, and the risk of viral escape. With continued technological refinement and careful translational development, CRISPR may become a versatile tool for influenza prevention, diagnosis, and therapy.