Camel hump: composition, bioactivities, and multifunctional sustainable applications

Camel hump, a valuable livestock by-product, has gained increasing attention for its unique chemical composition and diverse biological activities. Given its promising potential in traditional medicine and modern industrial applications, this review first systematically summarizes the chemical composition of camel hump and examines key influencing factors, including species, breed, sex, age, and physiological status. We then highlight its notable application potential in cosmetics, supported by strong antioxidant and anti-aging enzymatic activities. We further outline its innovative uses in the food industry, materials science, and leather processing, with emphasis on its unique merits in improving fatty acid profiles of meat products and developing biomimetic thermal management materials. Finally, we discuss the importance of establishing standardized raw material systems and conducting rigorous preclinical studies to provide a solid scientific foundation for the in-depth and sustainable utilization of camel hump. By comprehensively reviewing the material basis, bioactivities, and multifunctional applications of camel hump, this review aims to promote valorization of this distinctive natural by-product, advance the circular economy, facilitate regional technological innovation, and support sustainable management of animal resources.