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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations01:30

Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...
Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and narrowing...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
08:35

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction

Published on: August 17, 2022

Coronary microvascular dysfunction: a narrative review.

Joseph M O'Brien1,2, Thomas J Ford3,4, Andy Yong5,6

  • 1Monash Heart, Victorian Heart Hospital, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is increasingly recognized but hard to diagnose. New research explores non-invasive methods and links CMD to inflammation, offering hope for better treatments and outcomes.

Keywords:
Coronary catheterizationanginacomputed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA)coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD)ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA)

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Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
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Intradermal Microdialysis: An Approach to Investigating Novel Mechanisms of Microvascular Dysfunction in Humans
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Intradermal Microdialysis: An Approach to Investigating Novel Mechanisms of Microvascular Dysfunction in Humans

Published on: July 21, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) affects the heart's small arteries, mimicking macrovascular disease.
  • Current diagnosis via invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is limited, leading to underdiagnosis.
  • Growing clinical interest is reflected in international guidelines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of recent research on CMD.
  • To outline pathophysiology, diagnostic advancements, prognosis, and treatment options.
  • To highlight future research and management directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed (1990-2024).
  • Inclusion of original research, reviews, and consensus documents.
  • Independent article selection by two reviewers.

Main Results:

  • CMD incidence is rising with improved diagnostic tools.
  • Consider CMD in angina patients without obstructive CAD on ICA/CT.
  • Emerging non-invasive diagnostics and links to inflammation as a therapeutic target.
  • CMD impacts quality of life and increases cardiovascular event risk.
  • Limited medical options with variable responses.

Conclusions:

  • CMD is heterogeneous, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • Research focuses on non-invasive diagnostics and novel therapies.
  • Large trials are needed to validate new approaches and improve outcomes.