MotiVE BCI: motivation models including valence and expectancy in brain-computer interface use

In this work, a theoretical framework addressing the role of motivation in brain-computer interface (BCI) was developed. The aim was to present theory-based versions of motivation models for BCI use that can serve as a foundation for hypothesis generation and experimental testing. As a synthesis of the existing literature on the role of motivation in BCI use, and grounded in a predominantly psychological theoretical background, the P300 MotiVE model and the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) MotiVE model were introduced. To the best of my knowledge, the MotiVE models represent the first models based on psychological theories to explicitly target motivation and its subcomponents as factors influencing BCI performance. However, the underlying assumptions require empirical validation, and the practical utility of these models remains to be demonstrated. Further development may also be necessary to accommodate different types of BCI systems.