Enhancing machine learning-based binder design with high-throughput screening: A comparison of mRNA and yeast display...

Recent advances in machine learning (ML)-based protein design methods have enabled the rapid in silico generation of large libraries of miniprotein binders with minimal manual input. While computational design capacity has scaled rapidly, experimental validation methods have lagged, creating a bottleneck in binder discovery pipelines. Here, we apply mRNA display to screen an ML-designed miniprotein binder library and directly compare its performance with the more widely used yeast surface display platform using a single shared DNA library. We screened 2009 designs targeting the platelet receptor TLT-1 and 3159 designs targeting the immune receptor B7-H3 across both platforms. While both selection protocols reliably identified functional binders, we found that mRNA display preferentially enriched binders with slower dissociation rates. In addition, mRNA display achieved higher library coverage than yeast display, likely rescuing functional designs that are penalized in a cell-based expression system. Biophysical characterization of selected binders from both platforms revealed strong binding affinities and high thermal stabilities. These results showcase the power of integrating ML-based computational design tools with rapid in vitro selection technologies, providing a scalable framework for therapeutic miniprotein discovery.