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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Published on: June 19, 2016

Power Output Feedback Improves Cycling Performance Without Affecting the Perception of Voluntariness in Task Failure.

Juan-José Pérez-Díaz¹, Daniel Sanabria^2,3, José-Antonio Salas-Montoro¹

¹Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.

Perceptual and Motor Skills

|July 10, 2026

Summary

Real-time power visualization in cyclists boosts maximal aerobic power (MAP). However, its effect on perceived voluntariness is complex, with prior exposure influencing control perception when feedback is removed.

Keywords:

RPE cyclist endurance perceived effort power meter sport performance

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Area of Science:

Sports Science
Exercise Physiology
Performance Psychology

Background:

Power meters are common tools for cyclists, but their impact on performance and subjective experience needs further study.
Understanding how real-time feedback influences maximal effort and perceived control is crucial for training optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of real-time power meter data availability on maximal aerobic power (MAP) and perceived voluntariness in trained cyclists.
To explore potential order effects in performance and subjective responses when power data feedback is manipulated.

Main Methods:

Forty highly trained cyclists completed two counterbalanced maximal incremental tests.
One test included real-time power visualization, while the other served as a control without feedback.
Maximal aerobic power (MAP), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX), heart rate, and perceived exertion were measured.

Main Results:

Power visualization significantly increased MAP (p = 0.004) but did not affect VO2MAX, heart rate, or perceived exertion.
Main analyses showed no significant effect on perceived voluntariness (p = 0.159).
Exploratory analysis revealed an order effect: prior power data access increased perceived voluntariness in that condition, an effect absent when power data was removed first.

Conclusions:

Real-time power data availability enhances objective cycling performance (MAP).
While not consistently affecting perceived voluntariness, removing power data after exposure may reduce perceived control over task termination.
Performance feedback plays a significant role in both objective and subjective aspects of cycling performance.