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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Salt and Sodium Intake in India.
Amol Ramkrushna Patil1, Shriram Vitthal Gosavi2, Kalyani Deshmukh3
1Assistant Professor -Statistician, Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Nashik, Maharashtra, India.
Indian Journal of Public Health
|July 10, 2026
Summary
Indian salt intake significantly exceeds WHO recommendations, with pooled mean salt at 9.01 g/day and sodium at 3.49 g/day. High salt intake prevalence is 61%, varying by region and demographics.
Area of Science:
- Public Health Nutrition
- Epidemiology
- Dietary Intake Assessment
Background:
- Salt intake estimates in India show wide regional variations due to diverse dietary patterns.
- A comprehensive, updated synthesis of salt intake data in India was previously lacking.
Purpose of the Study:
- To estimate pooled mean salt and sodium intake across Indian populations.
- To determine the prevalence of high salt intake and explore demographic, regional, and temporal variations.
Main Methods:
- A systematic literature search was performed across major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase).
- Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool data from 83 included studies.
- Subgroup analyses examined variations by region, locality, sex, hypertension status, and study year.
Main Results:
- Pooled mean salt intake was 9.01 g/day and mean sodium intake was 3.49 g/day, both exceeding WHO guidelines.
- The overall prevalence of high salt intake was 61%, with significant variations observed.
- Higher intake was noted in rural populations, males, and individuals with hypertension.
Conclusions:
- Salt and sodium consumption in India substantially surpasses recommended levels.
- Considerable variability in intake exists across different Indian regions and population subgroups.
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