On the role of higher-order interactions toward first synchronization time

This study investigates transient collective dynamics, with a focus on how higher-order interactions impact the time required to reach steady-state synchronization. Assuming a large ensemble of deterministic and globally coupled Kuramoto oscillators with Cauchy-distributed natural frequencies, an expression for the first synchronization time is derived using the Ott-Antonsen ansatz. Subsequent numerics reveal that (i) increasing the coupling strengths for a fixed interaction order accelerates the transition to synchronization and (ii) increasing the interaction order for fixed interaction strength produces non-monotonic behavior. In particular, the inclusion of triadic interactions generally accelerates synchronization, whereas further higher-order interactions progressively delay convergence to the steady state, in some regimes even falling below the pairwise level. Ultimately, for very large interaction orders, the dynamics revert to pairwise-like behavior. Simulations of the system equations for different parameter combinations support these observations, while the asymptotic case is interpreted through the nonlinear structure of the order-parameter dynamics.