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Related Concept Videos

Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care01:29

Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care

Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins01:30

Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins

Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
Cardiac Catheterization I: Pre-Procedure Overview01:28

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Cardiac catheterization is an invasive diagnostic technique used to identify and evaluate structural and functional diseases of the heart and major blood vessels. This technique diagnoses congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and coronary spasms and assesses ventricular function. It helps guide treatment decisions, including the need for revascularization procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and...
Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

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Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Non-fluoroscopic Catheter Tracking for Fluoroscopy Reduction in Interventional Electrophysiology
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Precision Medicine for Anticoagulation Strategies in the Cath Lab: Part 1.

Tanawat Attachaipanich1, Tania Ahuja2, Samin K Sharma3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Current Cardiology Reports
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Unfractionated heparin is standard for cardiac procedures, but enoxaparin and bivalirudin offer alternatives. Bivalirudin is preferred for STEMI to reduce mortality and bleeding risks.

Keywords:
BivalirudinEnoxaparinIntraprocedural anticoagulationPercutaneous coronary interventionPrecision medicineUnfractionated heparin

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Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
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Published on: March 15, 2022

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Non-fluoroscopic Catheter Tracking for Fluoroscopy Reduction in Interventional Electrophysiology
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Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
10:28

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

Published on: March 15, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Interventional Cardiology

Background:

  • Intraprocedural anticoagulation is crucial in cardiac catheterization to prevent thrombus formation.
  • Minimizing bleeding risk while ensuring effective anticoagulation is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence and guidelines for anticoagulation during cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  • To compare the efficacy and safety of different anticoagulation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of contemporary evidence.
  • Analysis of guideline recommendations for anticoagulation during PCI.
  • Evaluation of unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and bivalirudin.

Main Results:

  • Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is the standard intraprocedural anticoagulant.
  • Enoxaparin (LMWH) and bivalirudin are effective alternatives, with bivalirudin preferred for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) to reduce mortality and bleeding.
  • Fondaparinux is not recommended as a standalone agent due to increased thrombosis risk.

Conclusions:

  • UFH remains the standard for PCI, with enoxaparin and bivalirudin as viable alternatives based on patient presentation and bleeding risk.
  • Further research is needed to personalize anticoagulation strategies for PCI.
  • Bivalirudin offers specific advantages in STEMI and for high-bleeding-risk patients.