Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...

Subatomic Particles

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.

Electron Behavior

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...

Electron Behavior

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.Electrons Orbit the NucleusElectrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Bootstrapping Six-Gluon QCD Amplitudes.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Chasing the Two-Higgs-Doublet Model via Electroweak Corrections at e^{+}e^{-} Colliders.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Reconfigurable compatible metasurfaces: tunable microwave orthogonal-synergized reflected phase and tailorable optical transmittance.

Optics express·2026

Same author

Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Targeted Treatments Associated with the Nervous System in Cutaneous Allergic Diseases.

Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology·2025

Same author

Mechanism of PP2A affecting ubiquitination pathway in spermatogenesis.

Reproductive biology·2025

Same author

Computational design of superstable proteins through maximized hydrogen bonding.

Nature chemistry·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

Four-Jet Rate in Electron-Positron Annihilation at Order α_{s}^{4}.

Xuan Chen¹, Dmitry Chicherin², Elliot Fox³

¹Shandong University, School of Physics, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Physical Review Letters

|July 10, 2026

Summary

Researchers calculated the production rate for four jets in electron-positron annihilation at next-to-next-to-leading order, achieving unprecedented accuracy. This advancement significantly reduces theoretical uncertainties, improving agreement with experimental data.

More Related Videos

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

Published on: May 9, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

Published on: May 9, 2020

Area of Science:

High-energy particle physics
Quantum chromodynamics
Collider physics

Background:

Electron-positron annihilation is a fundamental process for probing particle interactions.
Precise theoretical predictions are crucial for interpreting experimental results from particle colliders.
Higher-order calculations in perturbative quantum field theory are essential for achieving higher precision.

Purpose of the Study:

To compute the four-jet production rate in electron-positron annihilation at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO).
To investigate the highest final-state jet multiplicity achieved at NNLO accuracy to date.
To compare the theoretical predictions with experimental data from the Large Electron-Poside (LEP) collider.

Main Methods:

Utilized the antenna subtraction scheme for the cancellation of infrared singularities.
Employed generalized antenna functions for the calculation.
Developed a new basis of transcendental special functions for evaluating two-loop virtual corrections.
Performed calculations at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) perturbative accuracy.

Main Results:

Achieved the first NNLO computation of the four-jet production rate in electron-positron annihilation.
The calculation represents the highest jet multiplicity studied at this perturbative accuracy.
Demonstrated improved agreement with LEP data compared to previous next-to-leading order calculations.
Observed a significant reduction in theoretical uncertainties, falling below experimental uncertainties in reliable regions.

Conclusions:

The NNLO calculation provides a more precise theoretical prediction for four-jet production.
The reduced theoretical uncertainties enhance the power of electron-positron annihilation data for precision physics.
This work sets a new standard for perturbative calculations in multi-jet final states.