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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

A Standardized Protocol for Preference Testing to Assess Fish Welfare

A Standardized Protocol for Preference Testing to Assess Fish Welfare

Published on: February 22, 2020

Conditioned place preference and conditioned place aversion in goldfish.

Shigeru Watanabe¹

¹Department of Psychology Keio University, Mita 2-145-45, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan.

Behavioural Pharmacology

|July 10, 2026

Summary

Nicotine causes place preference at low doses and aversion at high doses in goldfish, using a novel immersion method for drug administration. This study enables cross-species comparisons of drug reinforcement effects.

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Area of Science:

Behavioral pharmacology
Neuroscience
Animal models in drug research

Background:

Drug reinforcement properties are often studied using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm.
CPP has been applied across various taxa, including nonmammalian species.
Nicotine is a significant public health concern with reinforcing properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned place aversion (CPA) in goldfish.
To establish a method for quantitative cross-species comparison of drug effects.
To validate goldfish as a model for behavioral pharmacology research.

Main Methods:

Goldfish were used to examine nicotine-induced CPP and CPA.
Drug administration was performed via immersion and intraperitoneal injection.
Dose-response relationships for general activity were compared between administration methods.
A conversion factor was estimated to compare goldfish and rodent study findings.

Main Results:

Nicotine induced CPP at lower doses and CPA at higher doses in goldfish.
A conversion factor was estimated for nicotine administration by immersion versus intraperitoneal injection in goldfish.
Nicotine-induced CPP and CPA in goldfish were quantitatively compared to rodent study findings.

Conclusions:

Goldfish models are suitable for studying drug reinforcement and aversion.
The immersion method offers an animal-friendly alternative for drug administration in fish.
This study facilitates cross-species evaluation of drug reinforcement effects and supports the use of fish in behavioral pharmacology.