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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents01:18

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Epidemiologic Trends in Clostridioides difficile Infection Among U.S. Emergency Department Patients, 2014-2024.

Mayher J Patel1, Joseph O'Brien2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

American Journal of Infection Control
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Community-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) incidence in US emergency departments (EDs) decreased overall but rose in young adults. Guideline adherence for antibiotic treatment, particularly metronidazole, remains a challenge in ED settings.

Keywords:
Clostridioides difficileantimicrobial stewardshipepidemiology

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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Community-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a growing concern in the US.
  • Limited contemporary data exist on CDI epidemiology and management within emergency departments (EDs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate national trends in CDI incidence among ED patients.
  • To analyze antibiotic treatment patterns and outpatient medication exposures in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study using TriNetX Global Collaborative Network (163 organizations).
  • Identified ED encounters with community-onset CDI (2014-2024).
  • Assessed antibiotic treatment, medication exposures, and guideline adherence.

Main Results:

  • CDI incidence decreased by 30% overall but increased by 58.8% in patients aged 18-24.
  • Metronidazole use declined but remained common; vancomycin use increased (>80%).
  • Fidaxomicin adoption accelerated post-2021; outpatient antimicrobial and acid-suppressive exposures rose.

Conclusions:

  • Despite declining overall incidence, CDI is increasingly impacting younger adults.
  • Persistent metronidazole use indicates gaps in ED antimicrobial stewardship and guideline adherence.