Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems

The empirical approach to drug therapy optimization relies on correlating pharmacological response with administered dosage. Such an approach can be costly, time-consuming, and often yields poor correlation due to variables like formulation factors and drug elimination characteristics. A more precise approach correlates response with plasma drug concentration or the amount of drug in the body, rather than dosage. This is achieved through pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling, which...

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...

Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions

Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions

PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF).

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: Overview

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: Overview

Understanding drugs, drug products, and their performance in pharmaceutical science is pivotal. Drugs, whether simple molecules or complex compounds, are designed to interact with the body's biological systems to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. Drug products include various delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, injections, and inhalers. The performance of these drug products is gauged by their ability to deliver the active ingredient to the desired site of action at the appropriate...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Income disparities and accessibility to Semaglutide: implications for diabetes management and policy reform.

International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care·2025

Same author

Physician Attitudes Towards Pharmacist-Prescribed HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): A Survey of a State Medical Association.

Journal of community health·2024

Same author

Age-specific dynamics of neutralizing antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines in response to La Crosse virus infection in mice.

Journal of virology·2024

Same author

Cross-Sectional Analysis of Out-of-Pocket Payments for Commonly Prescribed Generic Medications Versus Discount Card Pricing.

Annals of internal medicine·2023

Same author

Compromised Outcomes in Stage IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With Actionable Mutations Initially Treated Without Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Retrospective Analysis of Real-World Data.

JCO oncology practice·2023

Same author

The importance of social risk factors for patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Clinical value optimization vs transactional price navigation: Rethinking pharmacist roles in medication

¹University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : Japha

|July 10, 2026

Summary

Pharmacists should differentiate between clinical value optimization for specialty drugs and transactional price navigation for common medications. This distinction optimizes expertise and reduces workforce burden.

Keywords:

clinical value optimization drug pricing medication affordability pharmacist role pharmacoeconomics pharmacy workforce

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Area of Science:

Pharmacy practice
Health economics
Medication affordability

Background:

Increasing prescription drug discount programs necessitate pharmacist involvement in price identification.
The pharmacy profession currently lacks a clear distinction between different types of drug affordability work.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a two-tier framework to differentiate pharmacist roles in drug affordability.
To address the misallocation of expertise and labor burden in current practices.

Main Methods:

A commentary proposing a conceptual framework for pharmacist involvement in drug pricing.
Distinguishing between Clinical Value Optimization (Tier 1) and Transactional Price Navigation (Tier 2).

Main Results:

Clinical Value Optimization (Tier 1) involves assessing cost-effectiveness for high-cost/specialty therapies.
Transactional Price Navigation (Tier 2) involves comparing prices for commodity medications at the point of dispensing.
Current conflation leads to misallocation of doctoral expertise and labor burden.

Conclusions:

Tier 1 work (Clinical Value Optimization) should be formalized, trained, and reimbursed as a clinical service.
Tier 2 work (Transactional Price Navigation) should be delegated to technicians or digital tools.
This framework offers a more rational and sustainable model for pharmacist involvement in medication affordability.