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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

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Published on: March 12, 2021

Optimizing Shoulder Exercise Selection: Arm Rotation Versus Abduction Exercises for Increasing Acromiohumeral

Cyrus Taghizadeh Delkhoush1,2, Parisa Arzani1,2, Fatemeh Paknazar3

  • 1Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Progressive resistance exercises targeting arm rotation, compared to arm abduction, significantly increased acromiohumeral distance in individuals with subacromial impingement syndrome at 45° and 60° abduction.

Keywords:
rehabilitation exercisesshoulder impingement syndromeshoulder joint

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Published on: July 5, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rehabilitation

Background:

  • Subacromial impingement syndrome can be influenced by differential loading of the humeral head and scapula during arm elevation.
  • Understanding how different shoulder muscle exercises affect acromiohumeral distance is crucial for treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of progressive resistance exercises for arm rotation versus arm abduction on acromiohumeral distance.
  • To assess these effects at specific angles of active scapular arm abduction in patients with secondary subacromial impingement syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial involving 54 volunteers with secondary subacromial impingement syndrome.
  • Participants were assigned to either an arm rotation exercise group, an arm abduction exercise group, or a control group for 6 weeks.
  • Acromiohumeral distance was measured using ultrasound at 0°, 45°, and 60° of active scapular arm abduction.

Main Results:

  • Significant interaction effects were found for acromiohumeral distance at 45° and 60° of abduction (P < .001).
  • Arm rotation exercises led to a significant increase in acromiohumeral distance at these angles.
  • No significant interaction effect was observed at 0° abduction (P = .085).

Conclusions:

  • Six weeks of progressive resistance exercises targeting arm rotation are more effective than arm abduction exercises.
  • Arm rotation exercises enhance acromiohumeral distance at 45° and 60° of active scapular arm abduction.
  • This suggests a potential benefit for arm rotation exercises in managing subacromial impingement syndrome.