Assessing noise levels at social events within Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana

Urban noise pollution from social and religious gatherings poses increasing environmental and public health challenges in globally for which Ghana is not exempted. This study assessed noise levels and examined public awareness and attitudes toward noise pollution at social events within the Kumasi Metropolis. Noise measurements were conducted across five sub-metros; Nhyiaeso, Bantama, Subin, Manhyia North, and Manhyia South within the metropolis, covering churches, pubs, weddings, and funerals. Environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and elevation were also recorded to assess their influence on noise propagation. Results indicated that mean noise levels at all event types exceeded the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) daytime limit of 55 dB for residential areas, ranging from 70 dB to over 110 dB. Pubs exhibited the highest continuous emissions, while churches and funerals showed variable but equally elevated levels. A negative correlation between temperature and noise level, and a positive correlation with humidity, suggested that climatic factors affected sound transmission. Survey responses revealed high public awareness (90.5%) of noise pollution and its health risks, with 94.3% supporting stricter regulation. However, cultural practices and limited enforcement constrained behavioral change and compliance. The findings showed that social events remain major contributors to environmental noise in urban Ghana. Strengthening public education, integrating community-based regulation, and enhancing enforcement of EPA standards are recommended to mitigate noise exposure and promote sustainable urban living.