Toxic metals in Cosmetic and Personal Care Products: Occurrence, Concentrations, and Health Risks

Given their general use and continued exposure to humans, toxic metals in cosmetics and personal care products are an emerging public health concern. The review discusses the occurrence, concentration, analytical detection and health risks of toxic metals commonly found in cosmetics, including Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, and Ni. The amount of these metals differed greatly depending on the product and region. For instance, Pb concentrations in some kohl products were above 440,000 µg/g, Cr in some lipsticks reached 2554 µg/g, and mercury in some skin-lightening creams averaged 1008 µg/g. Hair dyes, eye cosmetics, nail products, lipsticks, and skin-whitening creams were identified as major sources of exposure. Different analytical methods, including FAAS, GFAAS, ICP-OES, ICP-MS, and XRF spectroscopy, are commonly used to measure these metals. The review further discusses dermal absorption pathways, bioaccumulation, and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with long-term cosmetic use, as well as the current regulatory guidelines. Although some products met safety standards, many exceeded international limits, showing the need for stricter regulations, regular testing, standard methods, and better public awareness.