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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
10:18

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Published on: January 7, 2019

Controlled Precipitation and Microcoating Formation of Shellac via Sequential Ethanol-Water Solvent Exchange.

Tanjina Sharmin1,2, Toshihiro Takeshita1, Sihyung Kim1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel method uses sequential solvent exchange to create controlled shellac microcoatings on drug carriers. This technique overcomes shellac

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Shellac, a natural resin, offers excellent barrier properties for pharmaceutical and food coatings.
  • Its strong film-forming and aggregation tendencies hinder microscale coating applications for drug carriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a controlled method for shellac microcoating on drug-loaded cellulose microbeads (CLMs).
  • To establish a thermodynamic framework for understanding shellac precipitation via solvent exchange.

Main Methods:

  • Sequential ethanol-water solvent-exchange method to induce controlled shellac precipitation.
  • Determination of shellac solubility in ethanol-water mixtures at varying temperatures (286.15, 296.15, 306.15 K).
  • Analysis using Flory-Huggins theory, Hansen solubility parameters, and van't Hoff relationships.

Main Results:

  • Gradual water increase directed shellac precipitation onto CLM surfaces, preventing aggregation.
  • Solvent exchange induced kinetically controlled, nanoparticle-mediated precipitation.
  • Preferential interfacial deposition of shellac onto CLMs was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a mild, solvent-controlled strategy for shellac microcoating.
  • Provided a thermodynamic framework for shellac precipitation.
  • Demonstrated potential for shellac-based enteric microcoatings in drug delivery and functional foods.