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Related Concept Videos

z Scores and Area Under the Curve01:17

z Scores and Area Under the Curve

z scores are the standardized values obtained after converting a normal distribution into a standard normal distribution. A z score is measured in units of the standard deviation. The z score tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a z score of zero.
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Normal Distribution01:11

Normal Distribution

The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is extremely...
Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs01:19

Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs

Following these guidelines can help nurses accurately measure vital signs, assess changes in patient conditions, and provide timely treatment when necessary. Adhering closely to the guidelines ensures the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Before taking a patient's vital signs, a nurse would consider and assess the patient's comfort level and ensure appropriate equipment is available.
Applications of Normal Distribution01:22

Applications of Normal Distribution

The normal distribution is a useful statistical tool. One of its practical applications is determining the door height after considering the normal distribution of heights of persons, such that many can pass through it easily without striking their heads. The normal distribution can also determine the probability of a person having a height less than a specific height.
The heights of 15 to 18-year-old males from Chile from 1984 to 1985 followed a normal distribution. The mean height is 172.36...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
19:15

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Birth-size reference charts for normal nursery newborns between 35.0 and 41.6 weeks.

Fu-Sheng Chou1,2,3,4, Hung-Wen Yeh5,6, Crystal Hsueh7

  • 1Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, USA. Fu-Sheng.X.Chou@kp.org.

BMC Pediatrics
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New birth-size charts for newborns improve accuracy in nurseries. Developed using recent data, these charts better identify size percentiles for appropriate infant care.

Keywords:
Anthropometric measuresGrowth chartsNewborn

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Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children

Published on: August 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neonatalogy
  • Pediatric Growth Standards

Background:

  • Existing birth-size reference charts may inaccurately categorize newborn size, potentially impacting clinical care.
  • There is a need for updated reference charts based on current, uncomplicated newborn populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop new, accurate birth-size reference charts (weight, length, head circumference, BMI) for U.S. normal newborn nurseries.
  • To compare the performance of new charts against existing references like the Olsen and Fenton charts.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of de-identified data from uncomplicated newborns in U.S. nurseries (2021-2024).
  • Exclusion of statistical outliers and recording of gestational age in days.
  • Development and validation of birth weight, length, head circumference, and BMI models using a split-sample approach.

Main Results:

  • The developed charts demonstrated no overfitting bias.
  • New charts more accurately identified the expected 10% of newborns below the 10th percentile and above the 90th percentile.
  • Comparison showed improved accuracy over the 2010 Olsen and 2013 Fenton charts.

Conclusions:

  • New charts for newborn weight, length, head circumference, and BMI enhance birth-size referencing in normal nurseries.
  • These updated charts offer a more precise tool for assessing newborn size and guiding care.