Advances in paratuberculosis research and control: a comprehensive expert review

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Medicine
• Microbiology
• Immunology

Background:

• Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a significant chronic infectious disease in ruminants.
• Effective control strategies are hampered by knowledge gaps in host-pathogen interactions and disease management.
• The DISCONTOOLS project aims to identify and address these knowledge gaps.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present the 2025 update of the DISCONTOOLS gap analysis for Paratuberculosis.
• To summarize recent scientific advances in key areas relevant to Paratuberculosis control.
• To identify persistent knowledge gaps and inform future research and control efforts.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive review of scientific literature.
• Integration of expert knowledge and consensus.
• Analysis of advancements in diagnostics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, vaccination, genetic resistance, and alternative therapies.

Main Results:

• Progress noted in understanding host-pathogen interactions and immune responses.
• Development of advanced diagnostic tools, including molecular assays and phage-based detection.
• Evolution of vaccination strategies and identification of genetic resistance traits.
• Emerging promise of alternative therapies like antibodies, mycobacteriophages, and probiotics.
• Potential public health implications, including links to Crohn's disease, were discussed.

Conclusions:

• Despite significant advances, critical knowledge gaps in Paratuberculosis research and control persist.
• Continued research is essential for developing more effective control strategies and therapies.
• Integrated approaches combining diagnostics, genetic resistance, and novel therapies are crucial for managing Paratuberculosis in ruminant populations.