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Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...

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An Intravital Microscopy-Based Approach to Assess Intestinal Permeability and Epithelial Cell Shedding Performance
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Effects of Acute Ruminal Acidosis on Rumen Epithelial Integrity, Permeability, and Transcriptome in Sheep.

Binod Pokhrel1, Zachary Glesius2, Honglin Jiang1

  • 1School of Animal Sciences and Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.

Journal of Animal Science
|July 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Acute ruminal acidosis (ARA) damages rumen epithelium structure and function. Low pH and reduced butyrate in rumen fluid appear to drive these detrimental changes in sheep.

Keywords:
rumenrumen epitheliumruminal acidosissheeptranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Ruminant nutrition and physiology
  • Gastrointestinal pathology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Acute ruminal acidosis (ARA) is a metabolic disorder in ruminants characterized by a sharp drop in rumen pH.
  • ARA leads to significant changes in rumen fluid composition, including increased LPS and lactic acids, and decreased VFAs.
  • Understanding the effects of ARA on rumen epithelium is crucial for managing this condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural, functional, and molecular alterations in rumen epithelium during ARA.
  • To identify the specific rumen fluid components responsible for driving these epithelial changes.

Main Methods:

  • Sheep models were used, with ARA induced by a concentrate diet and controls fed alfalfa hay.
  • Rumen tissues underwent histological analysis, ex vivo permeability assessment, and RNA sequencing.
  • Primary ovine rumen epithelial cells were used for in vitro experiments to test the effects of specific rumen fluid components.

Main Results:

  • Acidotic sheep exhibited increased rumen epithelial permeability and histological damage (parakeratosis, lifting, stratum corneum loss).
  • RNA sequencing revealed 2,563 differentially expressed genes, with upregulated genes linked to ribosome biogenesis and keratinization, and downregulated genes to immune response and tight junctions.
  • In vitro, low pH (5.0) altered expression of tight junction and immune genes, while reduced butyrate affected expression of tight junction and ribosomal genes.

Conclusions:

  • ARA induces significant structural, functional, and transcriptomic changes in the rumen epithelium.
  • Reduced rumen pH and butyrate concentration are identified as potential key drivers of these epithelial alterations.
  • These findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of ARA and potential targets for intervention.