Third annual transplant AI symposium: from organ matching to digital twins

The Ajmera Transplant Center and Mayo Clinic hosted the third annual Transplant Artificial Intelligence (AI) Symposium in Toronto, Canada, bringing together expert clinicians, researchers, scientists, and trainees to discuss the current role of AI in transplant medicine. This paper summarizes the third annual Transplant AI Symposium proceedings and talks. Presentations covered a wide range of topics across the transplant continuum, highlighting numerous benefits of AI in transplantation such as organ matching, human-AI collaboration, and survival/risk prediction. Artificial intelligence is most useful when linked to specific clinical problems, especially those involving multimodal or longitudinal data. However, speakers also emphasized ongoing limitations in data quality, generalizability, workflow integration, and fairness. Multiple presentations highlighted the importance of clinician oversight. Overall, the symposium highlighted that the future of transplant AI will depend on careful validation, clinically meaningful implementation, and attention to patient outcomes (Figure 1).