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Two-dimensional Nb₂C MXene thin films for electro-ionic actuation.

Syed Sheraz Ali¹, Do Van Lam², Haleem Ud Din³

¹Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia syed.ali.3@kfupm.edu.sa tawfik@kfupm.edu.sa.

|July 11, 2026

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A novel molten salt method synthesizes Nb2CTx MXene without fluoride, creating safer, flexible films. These Nb2CTx-PEDOT:PSS composites show enhanced electromechanical actuation for advanced soft actuators.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Electrochemistry

Background:

Conventional synthesis of Nb2CTx MXene relies on hazardous fluoride-based etching.
Developing safer, scalable synthesis routes for MXenes is crucial for practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize Nb2CTx MXene using a fluoride-free molten salt method.
To fabricate flexible Nb2CTx-PEDOT:PSS composite films for electromechanical actuators.
To investigate the performance enhancement and underlying mechanisms of these composite actuators.

Main Methods:

Lewis acid-assisted molten salt etching using silver chloride to produce Nb2CTx MXene from Nb2AlC MAX phase.
Fabrication of flexible composite thin films by incorporating Nb2CTx into a PEDOT:PSS matrix.

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Electrochemical characterization (cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge) to assess capacitance.

Electromechanical actuation testing under low-amplitude alternating voltage.

First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to analyze electronic structure and interfacial properties.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of Nb2CTx MXene with preserved morphology and controlled surface terminations via a fluoride-free molten salt process.
Nb2CTx-PEDOT:PSS composite films exhibited stable capacitive behavior with a high areal capacitance of 206.62 mF cm-2.
The composite actuators demonstrated significantly enhanced electroactive response and bending deformation (up to 10.44 mm) compared to pure PEDOT:PSS films.
DFT calculations provided insights into improved charge transport and interfacial characteristics contributing to enhanced performance.

Conclusions:

Molten salt-derived Nb2CTx MXene offers a safer and scalable alternative to fluoride-based synthesis.
The Nb2CTx-PEDOT:PSS composites are promising materials for high-performance flexible electromechanical actuators.
The synergistic effects between Nb2CTx and PEDOT:PSS, supported by theoretical calculations, enable advanced soft actuator applications.