Comparative analysis of radiation therapy and surgical approaches for resectable cancers: a narrative review

This narrative review compares radiation therapy and surgical approaches for resectable cancers, focusing on their efficacy, safety, and patient outcomes. Surgical resection remains the gold standard for many localized cancers, offering the potential for complete tumor removal and long-term survival. However, radiation therapy has emerged as a valuable adjunct or alternative, especially for tumors that are difficult to access surgically or in patients with comorbidities that limit surgical candidacy. The review highlights key factors such as tumor type, location, and patient performance status when selecting the optimal treatment approach. It also discusses recent advances in both modalities, including precision surgery and image-guided radiation therapy, which have improved the therapeutic index. Although both strategies can offer curative potential, a multidisciplinary approach tailored to individual patient needs is critical for achieving the best outcomes. Graphical abstract available at: http://links.lww.com/MS9/B119.