Nanoparticles in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cultivation: a promising solution to alleviate heavy metal toxicity

Soil contamination with metalloids and metals (HMs) is one of the major challenges to sustainable wheat production, particularly in South Asia. Nanotechnology is a promising approach for mitigating metals/metalloids-induced phytotoxicity compared to conventional remediation methods. Several studies have indicated that nanoparticles (NPs) improve wheat growth and yield under metal stress conditions. These particles control enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, initiating efficient plant defense mechanisms against stress. Metal-based NPs (iron oxide and zinc oxide) show great potential in the mitigation of metal toxicity through mechanisms such as adsorption of toxic ions, decrease in the bioavailability of metals, regulation of uptake, and activation of antioxidant defenses. Similarly, non-metal NPs (silicon and selenium-based NPs) limit metal uptake, regulate antioxidants, and synthesize secondary metabolites to alleviate toxicity. As compared to chemically synthesized NPs, biogenic NPs provide significant potential for eco-friendly solutions for HMs mitigation. Future research is required concerning the biogenic nanoparticle application on wheat. The objective of this review is twofold: first, to deliver a comprehensive report of the metals-induced impacts in wheat, and secondly, to highlight how nanotechnology can alleviate toxic impacts posed by metals compared to traditional methods. This review aims to bridge existing gaps and stimulate future research to use this innovative approach in agriculture-related challenges. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.