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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

gDNA Enrichment by a Transposase-based Technology for NGS Analysis of the Whole Sequence of BRCA1, BRCA2, and 9 Genes Involved in DNA Damage Repair

gDNA Enrichment by a Transposase-based Technology for NGS Analysis of the Whole Sequence of BRCA1, BRCA2, and 9 Genes Involved in DNA Damage Repair

Published on: October 6, 2014

The Landscape of BRCA1-Associated Post-Translational Modifications.

Nethma Hewa Waduge¹, Junhua Xiao¹, Gregory M Davis¹

¹Department of Biomedical, Health and Exercise Sciences, Swinburne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Cell Biology International

|July 11, 2026

Summary

The BRCA1-BARD1 complex regulates diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) beyond ubiquitination, impacting chromatin and cellular processes. This review highlights BRCA1

Keywords:

BRCA1 PARylation PTMs acetylation methylation phosphorylation post‐translational modifications ubiquitination

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Functional Assessment of BRCA1 variants using CRISPR-Mediated Base Editors

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

gDNA Enrichment by a Transposase-based Technology for NGS Analysis of the Whole Sequence of BRCA1, BRCA2, and 9 Genes Involved in DNA Damage Repair

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Functional Assessment of BRCA1 variants using CRISPR-Mediated Base Editors

Functional Assessment of BRCA1 variants using CRISPR-Mediated Base Editors

Published on: February 28, 2021

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Genetics

Background:

The BRCA1-BARD1 complex is crucial for DNA repair via homologous recombination, primarily through its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
Emerging evidence indicates the complex influences multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs), extending beyond its known ubiquitination function.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and elucidate how BRCA1 regulates key PTMs across various eukaryotic models.
To explore BRCA1's role in shaping chromatin architecture and influencing non-ubiquitin PTMs.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive review of findings from diverse eukaryotic biological models.
Analysis of BRCA1's impact on specific PTMs like ubiquitination, methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and PARylation.
Examination of BRCA1's interactions with target proteins (e.g., PLK-1, Aurora A, p53) and its role in cellular processes like meiotic sex chromosome inactivation.

Main Results:

BRCA1 significantly influences chromatin architecture by modulating ubiquitination, methylation, and acetylation.
BRCA1-mediated methylation has widespread cellular effects, whereas ubiquitination and acetylation impacts are more specific.
BRCA1 modifies specific proteins and participates in non-ubiquitin PTMs involved in processes beyond DNA repair.

Conclusions:

BRCA1's regulatory functions extend beyond DNA repair, encompassing a wide array of PTM pathways.
Understanding BRCA1's multifaceted PTM regulation provides new insights into its broader cellular roles.