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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments
05:50

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

Published on: May 11, 2017

A Ce4+ Aluminum Hydride Complex.

Matilda I Duffy1, Nathan R Loutsch2, Benjamin M Mullen2

  • 1School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized the first high-oxidation state cerium (Ce4+) aluminum hydride complex, CeHAl, overcoming redox chemistry challenges. This discovery opens new avenues for exploring cerium hydride chemistry and reactivity.

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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Cerium Chemistry

Background:

  • High-oxidation state cerium complexes are challenging to synthesize due to redox incompatibilities.
  • Reducing hydride ligands are typically incompatible with strong oxidizing metal centers like Ce4+.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first synthesis and characterization of a Ce4+ aluminum hydride complex.
  • To investigate the bonding, structure, and fundamental reactivity of this novel complex.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis adapted from Ce4+ alkyl complex preparation.
  • Characterization using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), NMR, and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy.
  • Computational analysis via Density Functional Theory (DFT) and reactivity studies using cyclic voltammetry.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized and isolated the Ce4+ aluminum hydride complex, [Ce4+(κ2-H3AlC(TMS)3)(NP(tBu)3)3] (CeHAl).
  • Detailed structural and bonding insights obtained through spectroscopic and crystallographic methods.
  • Initial reactivity profile established via electrochemical and small-molecule interaction studies.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing Ce4+ hydride complexes.
  • Provided a foundational understanding of the structure, bonding, and reactivity of cerium aluminum hydrides.
  • Opened new possibilities for cerium hydride chemistry in catalysis and materials science.