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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Published on: August 23, 2017

Lower limb joint work modulation during split-belt treadmill walking.

Zachary Zegub¹, Donald Prible¹, Hao-Yuan Hsiao¹

¹University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, United States.

Journal of Biomechanics

|July 11, 2026

Summary

Split-belt treadmill (SBT) walking alters lower extremity joint mechanics. This study reveals specific changes in ankle, hip, and knee joint work and ground reaction forces during adaptation, informing clinical use.

Keywords:

Ground reaction forces Joint mechanical work Kinetic adaptation Split-belt treadmill walking

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Motor Control
Rehabilitation Science

Background:

Split-belt treadmills (SBT) are used for motor learning and gait rehabilitation.
The impact of SBT on lower extremity joint mechanics is not fully understood.
Understanding these demands is crucial for determining SBT's clinical appropriateness.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare lower-limb joint mechanical work and ground reaction forces (GRFs) during tied-belt and split-belt treadmill walking.
To elucidate how split-belt treadmill adaptation affects joint-specific mechanical demands.

Main Methods:

Collected kinetic and kinematic data from 20 young adults on an instrumented dual-belt treadmill.
Implemented a protocol involving Baseline, Adaptation (uneven belt speeds), and Post-Adaptation phases.
Calculated sagittal plane joint mechanical work (ankle, knee, hip) and GRFs using linear mixed models.

Main Results:

Positive mechanical work increased at the fast-side ankle and slow-side hip during adaptation.
Negative joint mechanical work increased bilaterally at the knees.
Propulsive forces increased on the fast side, and the first peak vertical GRF increased on the slow side.

Conclusions:

Split-belt treadmill walking induces distinct joint-specific mechanical demands.
These findings provide insights into the biomechanical effects of SBT.
This knowledge can guide the clinical application of split-belt treadmill training for various populations.