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Malaria

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...

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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Phenotypic Analysis of Rodent Malaria Parasite Asexual and Sexual Blood Stages and Mosquito Stages

Phenotypic Analysis of Rodent Malaria Parasite Asexual and Sexual Blood Stages and Mosquito Stages

Published on: May 30, 2019

Changes in malaria vector bionomics in Timor Leste between 2009 and 2016; a longitudinal study.

A M G M Yapabandara¹, M R de Fatima Mota², R Sarmento²

¹National Malaria Programme, Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Dili, Timor-Leste. manelyapabandara55@gmail.com.

Malaria Journal

|July 11, 2026

Summary

Malaria vectors Anopheles barbirostris and An. subpictus decreased significantly in Timor Leste due to sustained vector control. Changes in biting behavior towards outdoor activity present a challenge for malaria elimination.

Keywords:

Entomological monitoring Malaria Timor Leste Vector bionomics Vector control

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Published on: May 31, 2020

Area of Science:

Medical Entomology
Public Health
Tropical Medicine

Background:

Malaria was a major health issue in Timor Leste, with cases declining from 223,002 in 2006 to 14 in 2020.
Timor Leste achieved zero malaria deaths since 2013 and is set for malaria-free certification in June 2025.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare changes in Anopheline vector bionomics between 2009 and 2016.
To assess the impact of vector control methods and environmental modifications on malaria vectors.

Main Methods:

Anopheline adults were collected using seven standard sampling methods across four sites in 2009 and 2016.
Vector incrimination and insecticide susceptibility were determined using Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA).
Cattle-baited net trap collections (CBTC) proved most effective for vector collection.

Main Results:

Anopheles barbirostris and An. subpictus were identified as the primary malaria vectors.
Malaria vector abundance decreased significantly from 2009 to 2016.
A shift in vector behavior was observed, with increased outdoor biting in 2016 compared to 2009.

Conclusions:

Sustained vector control methods led to a significant reduction in Anopheline abundance.
The shift towards outdoor biting poses a challenge to indoor-focused malaria interventions.
Integrated Vector Management (IVM) combining multiple control strategies is recommended for sustained malaria control.