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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG (hOMING)
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Published on: March 14, 2019

Monomeric Insulin Analog and Stabilizing Excipient Enabled Ultrafast Insulin Formulation.

Yanxian Zhang1, Terra Lin1, Ngoc Le Bich Tran1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel excipient stabilizes monomeric insulin (HALQ), enabling faster absorption and action. This "fast-on, fast-off" insulin profile, demonstrated in pigs and predicted in humans, could significantly improve diabetes management.

Keywords:
diabetesformulation designmonomeric insulinpeptide therapeuticsstabilizer excipients

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG (hOMING)
07:36

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Published on: March 14, 2019

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

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09:39

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

Published on: February 7, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Pharmacology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin therapy speed is limited by insulin hexamer formation.
  • Monomeric insulin analogs offer faster action but require stabilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for stabilizing monomeric insulin analogs.
  • To evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of a stabilized monomeric insulin analog (HALQ).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel inulin-derived excipient (BN-Inu) to stabilize HALQ.
  • Assessed HALQ stability under stress and room temperature conditions.
  • Evaluated HALQ pharmacokinetics in a porcine diabetes model and via human pharmacokinetic modeling.

Main Results:

  • BN-Inu effectively mitigated HALQ aggregation, ensuring stability for extended periods.
  • Monomeric HALQ demonstrated significantly accelerated absorption and a shorter duration of action compared to existing rapid-acting insulins.
  • Pharmacokinetic modeling predicted a substantial reduction in time-to-peak and duration of action in humans.

Conclusions:

  • Monomer-stabilizing excipients can create next-generation ultrafast insulin formulations.
  • HALQ's "fast-on, fast-off" profile offers potential for improved glycemic control in diabetes.
  • This materials-based approach represents a step-change in insulin therapy speed.