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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...

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Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
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A low-frequency pulsed EPR spectrometer for hyperfine clock transition measurement.

Yujin Wu1, Bingcai Chen1, Jiayue Yuan1,2

  • 1College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China.

Magnetic Resonance Letters
|July 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to develop a new spectrometer for probing atomic clock transitions. While a faint signal was detected, pathways to enhance sensitivity for P@C60 frequency standards were identified.

Keywords:
Clock transitionEndohedral fullereneLow frequencyPulsed EPR spectrometer

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum sensing
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy offers unique advantages for studying molecular spin transitions.
  • Endohedral phosphorus fullerene (P@C60) exhibits a hyperfine clock transition at 239 MHz, relevant for solid-state chip-scale atomic clocks (CSACs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a dedicated low-frequency EPR spectrometer for probing the P@C60 hyperfine clock transition.
  • To assess the feasibility of P@C60 as a frequency reference for CSACs.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a specialized low-frequency EPR spectrometer.
  • Comprehensive characterization of spectrometer components for sensitivity.
  • Attempted detection of the hyperfine clock transition in P@C60.

Main Results:

  • The developed EPR spectrometer meets essential sensitivity requirements for clock transition measurements.
  • A faint, suspected signal corresponding to the P@C60 clock transition was detected.
  • Limited spin concentration of the P@C60 sample hindered strong signal detection.

Conclusions:

  • The developed low-frequency EPR spectrometer is a promising tool for investigating P@C60 clock transitions.
  • Several strategies were identified to improve signal enhancement for future P@C60 frequency standard development.