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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
05:44

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Published on: November 14, 2018

Intranasal Midazolam for In-Office IUD Insertion in Adolescents: A Brief Report.

Marie-Teresa C Colbert1, Ashley R Crane2, Kaley A Hasstedt2

  • 1Section of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045; University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora CO 80045.

Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
|July 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Intranasal midazolam (INM) may reduce pain during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion for adolescents. This study found low pain scores and a 10% increase in IUD uptake when INM was offered.

Keywords:
Intrauterine deviceadolescentcontraceptionmidazolampain management

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
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Published on: June 2, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Adolescent Gynecology
  • Pharmacology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Intrauterine device (IUD) uptake remains low among adolescents and young adults (AYA).
  • Anxiety and fear of procedural pain are significant barriers to IUD insertion.
  • Effective pain management strategies are needed to improve IUD acceptance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the initial experience with in-office intranasal midazolam (INM) for IUD insertion in AYA patients.
  • To assess post-procedure pain scores following INM administration.
  • To explore the impact of offering INM on IUD insertion rates.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of AYA patients (11-25 years) undergoing IUD insertion with INM.
  • Data collection included demographics, indications for IUD, and pain scores (anticipated and actual).
  • Analysis focused on patients with recorded pain scores.

Main Results:

  • 234 patients received IUD insertion with INM.
  • Average actual post-procedure pain score was 2.81/10.
  • Offering INM correlated with a 10% increase in in-office IUD placements.

Conclusions:

  • Intranasal midazolam appears well-received, with low reported pain scores.
  • INM may be a viable option for adolescents seeking in-office IUD placement.
  • Further prospective research is required to compare INM efficacy against placebo and assess cost-effectiveness.