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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

Entropy-driven visual choice in Parkinson's disease.

Giovanni Mostile^1,2, Claudio Terravecchia³, Marco Cultraro³

¹Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F.Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy. g.mostile@unict.it.

Scientific Reports

|July 12, 2026

Summary

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients show age-related visual search differences, favoring high-entropy images. This suggests bottom-up visual processing and motor control impairments linked to bradykinesia in PD.

Keywords:

Eye-tracking Image entropy Parkinson’s disease Visual choice Visual exploration

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Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Published on: September 18, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Ophthalmology
Movement Disorders

Background:

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is known to affect visual search and navigation, primarily attributed to top-down cognitive processes.
Understanding the role of bottom-up visual mechanisms in PD is crucial for a comprehensive view of visual dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the independent influence of bottom-up visual mechanisms on visual exploration and perceptual decision-making in Parkinson's Disease.
To utilize synthetic, low-semantic value visual stimuli to minimize top-down biases.

Main Methods:

Recorded binocular eye movements at 1000 Hz using the Eyelink 1000 Plus system.
Presented participants with pairs of grayscale images of varying entropy, requiring a choice while recording gaze patterns.
Extracted data including saccade latency, choice latency, and image entropy at first saccade and choice for both PD subjects and Healthy Controls (HCs).

Main Results:

PD subjects exhibited an age-related tendency to choose high-entropy images and direct their first saccade towards them, unlike HCs.
A direct correlation was found between the latency of choice and PD disease severity.
Increased preference for and fixation on high-entropy images correlated with age in PD patients compared to HCs, suggesting progressive basal ganglia dysfunction.

Conclusions:

The intrinsic entropic value of visual scenes significantly influences visual exploration and choice in PD.
Bottom-up visual and motor control mechanisms appear linked to bradykinesia in Parkinson's Disease.
Progressive dysfunction in basal ganglia mechanisms controlling visual attention and motor targeting of high-entropic images is indicated in aging PD patients.