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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview

Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
Microbial Fuel Cells01:23

Microbial Fuel Cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical devices that generate electricity by exploiting the metabolic processes of electrogenic bacteria. These systems provide a renewable energy source and serve as an innovative method for treating organic waste, such as wastewater.A typical MFC consists of two chambers: an anoxic (oxygen-free) compartment that houses the bacteria and an oxic (oxygen-rich) compartment that contains oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Many MFCs use proton...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Membraneless Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells as a Promising Clean Energy Source
06:39

Membraneless Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells as a Promising Clean Energy Source

Published on: October 20, 2023

Drug Development for MASH-Related Compensated Cirrhosis: Past, Present and Future.

Ren-Qiang Zeng1, Yi-Xuan Shao1, Ru-Tao Lin1

  • 1Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Developing treatments for compensated cirrhosis from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is challenging. Fibroblast growth factor 21 analogues show promise, but more research is needed to overcome trial barriers and improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
compensated cirrhosisdrug developmentmetabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Membraneless Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells as a Promising Clean Energy Source
06:39

Membraneless Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells as a Promising Clean Energy Source

Published on: October 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Compensated cirrhosis due to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a significant unmet medical need with no approved therapies.
  • This condition presents unique challenges due to concurrent metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, fibrosis, and portal hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in drug development for compensated MASH-related cirrhosis.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of investigational agents.
  • To discuss barriers and future directions in therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on drug development for compensated MASH-related cirrhosis.
  • Analysis of efficacy and safety data for key investigational agents (e.g., FGF21 analogues, GLP-1/GCG dual agonists).
  • Discussion of trial design, endpoint limitations, and patient stratification strategies.

Main Results:

  • Fibroblast growth factor 21 analogues have shown the most encouraging efficacy signals among investigational agents.
  • Most agents have not demonstrated clear histological or clinical benefit in this complex patient population.
  • Trial outcomes are limited by drug efficacy, disease complexity, patient heterogeneity, and endpoint frameworks.

Conclusions:

  • Significant barriers, including endpoint limitations and patient heterogeneity, hinder progress in treating compensated MASH-related cirrhosis.
  • Future strategies should focus on precision stratification, composite endpoints, noninvasive tools, combination therapies, and early intervention.
  • Further research is crucial to develop effective treatments for this challenging condition.