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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Joule-Thomson Effect01:21

Joule-Thomson Effect

The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
This experiment forces high-pressure gas through a throttle valve or a porous plug to a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it passes through to...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred to as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation
09:09

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation

Published on: February 5, 2020

Soret Effect-Based Ionic Thermoelectric Converters: Principles, Device Physics, and Applications.

Qiujian Le1, Cheng Xu1, Xinran Du1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ionic thermoelectric materials offer unique advantages for heat-to-electricity conversion via the Soret effect. Integrating these materials with electronic components enables continuous power generation for diverse applications.

Keywords:
device physicsenergy harvestingionic thermoelectricsthermoelectric effectthermoelectric generatorthermoelectric materials

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Fabrication of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 Thermoelectric Thin Films using Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Technique
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Fabrication of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 Thermoelectric Thin Films using Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Technique

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Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties
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Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation
09:09

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation

Published on: February 5, 2020

Fabrication of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 Thermoelectric Thin Films using Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Technique
04:22

Fabrication of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 Thermoelectric Thin Films using Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Technique

Published on: May 17, 2024

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties
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Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

Published on: August 15, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Conversion
  • Thermoelectrics

Background:

  • Ionic thermoelectric (iTE) materials harness the Soret effect for heat-to-electricity conversion.
  • They possess advantages over electronic thermoelectrics, including high thermopower, flexibility, and low thermal conductivity.
  • Challenges exist in integrating iTE materials into conventional thermoelectric generators due to ion transport limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in ionic thermopower understanding.
  • To explore the development of iTE-based energy converters.
  • To discuss applications and future perspectives for iTE devices.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ionic thermoelectric materials and devices.
  • Analysis of principles and device physics of iTE energy converters.
  • Discussion of integration strategies with electronic materials.

Main Results:

  • iTE materials show promise for efficient heat harvesting.
  • Integration with electronic materials is crucial for continuous power generation.
  • Diverse applications beyond waste heat harvesting are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic thermoelectric materials offer a promising avenue for sustainable energy solutions.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in scalability and robustness.
  • iTE devices have potential in various fields, including sensors and smart systems.