Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 14, 2026
10:10
Evaluating Tests of Cognition using a Computerized Touch-Sensitive Tablet, Eye Tracking, and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published on: January 30, 2026
Testing that Makes You Think: Development of a Basic Science Test to Promote Future Clinical Learning
Sally Binks1, Ryan Brydges2, Nicole Woods3
1Health Professions Education Research, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, 1ES-565, Toronto, M5G 2C4 ON Canada.
Medical Science Educator
|July 13, 2026
Summary
Developing multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with plausible incorrect answers enhances distinctive cognitive processing. This method can improve learning and clinical reasoning by encouraging learners to notice concept similarities and differences.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Science
- Educational Psychology
- Medical Education
Background:
- Prior knowledge testing enhances learning of new information.
- Distinctive processing, involving identifying similarities and differences, may benefit learning and clinical reasoning.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a multiple-choice question (MCQ) test for basic science knowledge.
- To design MCQs that elicit distinctive processing for improved learning and clinical reasoning.
Main Methods:
- Two versions of a 19-item basic science MCQ test were created.
- One version used "competitive" (plausible) incorrect options, the other "non-competitive" (less plausible) options.
- Concurrent verbal protocols assessed cognitive processing elicited by each test version.
Main Results:
- MCQ items with "competitive" incorrect options elicited significantly more distinctive processing.
- This indicates that plausible distractors promote deeper cognitive engagement.
Conclusions:
- Tests can be designed to foster beneficial cognitive processes for learning.
- Concurrent verbal protocols are effective for gathering validity evidence for formative assessments.
Related Concept Videos
01:25Critical Thinking II
Critical thinking is a cognitive process with several attributes. The attributes of critical thinking include the following:
01:28Preclinical Development: Overview
Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
01:19Critical Thinking
Critical thinking involves reflective and productive thinking and the evaluation of evidence. Critical thinkers seek to understand the deeper meaning of ideas, question assumptions, and make independent decisions about what to believe or do. Scientists, for instance, are often critical thinkers. Critical thinking also requires humility about what we know and don't know and the motivation to look beyond the obvious. It is essential for effective problem-solving.
Colleges and universities are...
Colleges and universities are...
01:16Clinical Trials
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
01:13Patient-centered Care
Patient-centered care involves delivering care beyond inpatient hospitalization. Reflective practice can enhance a patient-centered approach. Reflective practice is a process of reasoning that considers all aspects of the present situation, including practicalities, learning from personal practice, and consideration of patient needs. Patients appreciate care decisions made while considering their input. Involving the patient in their care provides the patient with a sense of contribution rather...
01:24Critical Thinking I
Critical thinking helps decision-making and allows nurses to recognize barriers to success and find solutions to possible issues. It helps to brainstorm and implement ideas to achieve goals. Critical thinking helps acknowledge and state workflow inefficiencies while improving management techniques. Nurses understand the value of critical thinking and look for fellow nurses with critical thinking skills to upgrade their professional standards. Critical thinking can advance a nurse's career with...