Nanobiosensors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Biomarkers: Advances and Clinical Translational Potential

This article summarizes the development of nanobiological sensors in detecting markers such as serological antibodies related to rheumatoid arthritis(RA) and compares the performance of sensing platforms. In the laboratory, sensing platforms constructed with materials like gold nanoparticles have achieved detection sensitivities from femtomolar to picomolar levels, and some studies have initially verified their availability in samples. In the field of clinical transformation, electrochemical nanobiological sensors are expected to achieve point-of-care testing for RA soon, and optical detection can be used as a high-end platform in central laboratories in the medium term. However, most sensors are at the preclinical verification stage and face many significant challenges. Clinical transformation needs to address overall issues, such as sample pretreatment. This article also explores possible future trends to help provide technical and theoretical support for early diagnosis and treatment of RA.