An Efficient On-the-Fly Nonadiabatic Coupling Framework Integrated into CP2K

Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) is widely used to describe hot electron relaxation and nonradiative recombination processes, but high computational costs limit its application to large supercells. Here we implement a nonadiabatic coupling (NAC) module directly into CP2K, enabling on-the-fly NAC calculation during ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). Unlike conventional approaches relying on interfaces between external NAMD programs and electronic structure codes, this integration streamlines the workflow. Combined with CP2K's inherent Gaussian and plane waves (GPW) method, it achieves efficient NAC calculations for large-scale systems. To ensure numerical stability, a phase correction scheme is introduced to remove inconsistencies of wavefunction phases. Benchmark calculations of hot electron relaxation in crystalline pentacene agree with previous studies, while the results of simulations with and without phase correction show significant differences, confirming the necessity of the phase correction. Simulations on larger pentacene supercells further demonstrate the capability of this implementation for large-scale NAMD simulations.