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From vulnerability to resilience: Pathways to adolescent depression.

Lulëjete Prekazi1, Voltisa Gjergji1

  • 1Social and Behavioral Sciences, European University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania.

Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early family adversity, particularly submission, significantly increases adolescent depression risk. Problem-focused coping and social support are protective, while avoidant coping is detrimental.

Keywords:
adolescentscoping strategiesdepressionearly adversitysocial supportstress

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Adolescent depression is a critical public health issue influenced by cultural and environmental factors.
  • Understanding these influences is vital for effective intervention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents in Kosovo.
  • To investigate the links between early adversity, stress, coping mechanisms, and social support and adolescent depression.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 2,106 adolescents aged 13–18.
  • Utilized validated self-report questionnaires for depression, early adversity, stress, coping, and social support.

Main Results:

  • Nearly half of adolescents (48.3%) reported depressive symptoms, with girls affected more frequently.
  • Family experiences of submission, devaluation, and threat were linked to increased depressive symptoms, with submission being the strongest predictor.
  • Problem-focused coping correlated with lower depressive symptoms, whereas avoidant and maladaptive emotion-focused coping strategies were associated with higher symptom levels.
  • Current stress independently predicted depressive symptoms and exacerbated the impact of early adversity.
  • Perceived social support demonstrated context-dependent protective effects.

Conclusions:

  • Early family submission is a key factor in adolescent depression.
  • Coping strategies, especially maladaptive emotion-focused ones, play a significant role, particularly in resource-limited settings.
  • Interventions should be culturally sensitive, trauma-informed, and focus on enhancing problem-focused coping, social support, and addressing early adversity.