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Enteral Nutrition II: Nasointestinal and Gastrostomy Feeding01:15

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Enteral nutrition encompasses various methods of delivering nutrition directly to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, bypassing traditional oral intake. It is particularly beneficial for patients who cannot eat by mouth but have a functioning digestive system. Key methods include nasointestinal feeding, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy, each suited to different clinical scenarios based on the patient's needs and condition.
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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
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Published on: July 29, 2020

Complementary Feeding Methods in Children With Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Caregiver-Reported Internet-Based Survey

Bianca Maria Gomes De Abreu1, Maria Eduarda Da Paixão Santos1, Barbara Souza Dos Santos2

  • 1Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil.

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Brazilian caregivers most often use traditional methods for complementary feeding (CF) for children with cleft lip/palate (CL/P), starting around six months. Participatory and autonomy-centered approaches like Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) are also common, with no significant differences based on cleft type or region.

Keywords:
cleft lipcleft palatecomplementary feedingfeeding methods.

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Published on: February 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Nutrition Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Complementary feeding (CF) is crucial for infant development, especially for children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) who may face feeding challenges.
  • Understanding current CF practices among Brazilian caregivers of children with CL/P is essential for targeted support and interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe complementary feeding (CF) practices in Brazilian children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P).
  • To explore associations between CF methods and cleft type or geographic region.

Main Methods:

  • An exploratory, retrospective, cross-sectional observational study was conducted using an internet-based survey.
  • A total of 246 Brazilian mothers of children aged ≥6 months with CL/P completed a study-specific electronic questionnaire.
  • Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze CF initiation age, food consistencies, utensils, meal duration, and associations with cleft type and region.

Main Results:

  • Most children initiated CF at the recommended age of 6 months.
  • The traditional feeding method was most frequently reported individually, but participatory and autonomy-centered methods (Baby-Led Weaning/Baby-Led Introduction to Solids) combined were comparable or more frequent.
  • No significant associations were found between feeding method and cleft type or geographic region. Predominant food consistencies were pureed and semiliquid, with meal durations typically between 11 and 30 minutes.

Conclusions:

  • While traditional methods were most commonly reported, participatory and autonomy-centered CF approaches are also utilized by Brazilian caregivers of children with CL/P.
  • Initiation of CF typically occurred around 6 months, with no detected differences across cleft types, though this may reflect contextual factors rather than equivalence.
  • Findings highlight the need for interdisciplinary guidance in CF for this population and suggest the importance of future prospective studies incorporating clinical and contextual variables.