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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

Measles: A Global Public Health Emergency!

Diane Fuller Switzer¹, Samantha Ewing

¹Author Affiliation: Affiliate Faculty in Initiative in Ethics and Transformative Technologies, Seattle University College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington (Fuller Switzer); and APP Partner, Mt Rainier Emergency Physicians, Puyallup, Washington (Ewing).

Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal

|July 13, 2026

Summary

Measles is resurging globally due to declining vaccination rates, posing a public health emergency. This review details measles

Keywords:

Koplik spots immunizations measles rubeola vaccine hesitancy viral exanthem

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Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics

Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics

Published on: April 6, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics

Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics

Published on: April 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Public Health
Infectious Diseases
Vaccinology

Background:

Measles, a highly contagious vaccine-preventable illness, is reemerging as a global public health emergency.
Declining vaccination rates, attributed to vaccine hesitancy and access issues, are driving measles outbreaks.
Recent data indicates a significant increase in measles cases in the United States and the Americas Region.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of measles, focusing on clinical manifestations, vaccination guidelines, management, and complications.
To equip Emergency Nurse Practitioners with essential knowledge for identifying, managing, and controlling measles outbreaks.

Main Methods:

This is a review article, synthesizing existing literature and data on measles.
Information was gathered from reputable sources including the International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO).

Main Results:

The United States has reported a high number of measles cases in early 2026, exceeding 2025 figures.
The Pan American Health Organization issued an epidemiological alert for measles in the Americas Region in February 2026.
Measles outbreaks are linked to decreased vaccination coverage and clustering of unvaccinated individuals.

Conclusions:

Measles poses a significant and growing public health threat requiring urgent attention.
Effective identification, management, and control measures are crucial for healthcare professionals, particularly Emergency Nurse Practitioners.
Maintaining and improving vaccination rates is essential to control the resurgence of measles.