Redox-Mitochondria-Immune Network Dysregulation in Schizophrenia: From Selective Cellular Vulnerability to Circuit...

Oxidative stress has been recognized as a repeatedly validated pathophysiological factor in schizophrenia, but its mechanistic role and translational relevance remain incompletely defined. Prior work has advanced redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction as a putative central hub in schizophrenia. This narrative review proposes an evidence-weighted redox-mitochondria-immune framework that integrates peripheral biomarkers, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, postmortem findings, and preclinical mechanisms while explicitly distinguishing established observations from candidate pathways. Existing studies support increased oxidative damage and altered antioxidant buffering in schizophrenia, particularly involving the glutathione system. However, these abnormalities are neither uniform across disease stages nor equally represented across patient subgroups, and may be markedly prominent only in certain biological subgroups. Mechanistically, redox imbalance may interact with mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and innate immune signaling; however, pathway-specific links such as cGAS-STING activation, nitrosative/peroxynitrite stress, and GPx4-ferroptosis should currently be treated as testable extensions rather than validated human mechanisms in schizophrenia. Importantly, the pathological consequences of oxidative stress are unlikely to be cell-type neutral. Parvalbumin-positive interneurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells are more vulnerable because of their high metabolic load, limited antioxidant buffering capacity, and lipid/iron-related susceptibility, thereby providing a mechanistic bridge to excitation-inhibition imbalance, myelin abnormalities, and reduced circuit synchrony. Microglial redox-inflammatory signaling may further exacerbate these processes. On the basis of this framework, we argue that the key for future research is not to continue demonstrating the universality of oxidative stress, but to improve the translational efficiency. Biomarker-guided stratification, stage-sensitive study designs, and cell-type-informed therapeutic strategies may therefore provide a more productive path toward redox-targeted interventions in schizophrenia.