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Spherical V₂O₅/C Cathode Materials Prepared by Spray Drying for High-Power Thermal Batteries.

Yaning Chang¹, Chuanyu Jin¹, Shaoming Qiao²

¹College of Material Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 13, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed enhanced vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) cathodes for thermal batteries. The new spherical V2O5/C material improves discharge performance and stability at high temperatures.

Keywords:

V2O5 cathode materials high-power thermal batteries spray-drying

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Energy Storage

Background:

Commercial vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) powders have lamellar structures, limiting stability and ion/electron transport in thermal batteries.
This restricts the discharge performance of V2O5 cathodes, necessitating improved material design.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance the discharge performance of V2O5 cathodes for thermal batteries.
To achieve this by creating a robust spherical architecture using spray drying and carbon modification.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of spherical V2O5/C composite cathode material using scalable spray drying.
Incorporation of a conductive carbon network to improve electron transport.
Characterization of electrochemical performance, including initial discharge voltage, specific capacity, and energy density at high temperatures.
Analysis of structural integrity and interfacial resistance using pulse discharge tests.

Main Results:

The V2O5/C cathode exhibited a high initial discharge voltage of 2.45 V.
Achieved a specific capacity of 261.06 mAh g-1 and energy density of 591.05 Wh kg-1 at 0.1 A cm-2 and 500 °C.
Demonstrated enhanced voltage stability and reduced interfacial resistance compared to commercial V2O5.
The spherical architecture and carbon network improved electron/ion transport and structural integrity.

Conclusions:

The developed spherical V2O5/C cathode significantly enhances thermal battery discharge performance.
The synergistic effect of morphology and carbon modification is key to improved conductivity and stability.
This scalable strategy offers a pathway for high-performance V2O5 cathodes in thermal batteries.