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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions01:30

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions

The first step in nursing management of a patient with heart failure involves thoroughly assessing the patient's medical history.Subjective Data: Obtain the patient's medical history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and symptoms like dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.Objective Data: Conduct a physical examination to identify findings such as jugular vein distention, pulmonary crackles, tachycardia, murmurs, peripheral edema, and vital signs,...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
07:30

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Published on: April 23, 2021

Heart Failure and Cognitive Impairment: A Narrative Review.

Izabella Uchmanowicz1,2, Heba Aldossary3,4, Maria Próba1

  • 1Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.

ESC Heart Failure
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure (HF) is linked to cognitive impairment (CI) in half of patients, impacting health outcomes. Early identification of CI in HF patients is crucial for better management and decision-making.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
07:30

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Published on: April 23, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) affects over 64 million globally, posing a significant health burden.
  • Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common comorbidity in HF patients (40-50%), worsening prognosis.
  • CI in HF is underdiagnosed and undertreated in clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications of CI in HF.
  • To highlight the prognostic significance and therapeutic considerations of CI in HF.
  • To identify research priorities for CI in the context of heart failure.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of current evidence.
  • Synthesis of data on HF and CI pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of clinical assessment and prognostic impact.

Main Results:

  • CI independently predicts mortality, hospitalizations, and reduced self-care in HF.
  • Mechanisms include hypoperfusion, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and shared risk factors.
  • Early CI detection is vital for optimizing HF management.

Conclusions:

  • CI is a critical, underrecognized complication of HF with significant adverse outcomes.
  • Understanding the multifactorial pathophysiology is key to developing targeted interventions.
  • Systematic screening and management of CI should be integrated into HF care.